Portuguese traders were the first to discover the sea route to India in 1948. They were followed by the Dutch in 1595 then by the English and France. Economic competition among the European countries let to the founding of various commercial companies, for example, the English East India Company in 1602.   Portuguese (1502- 1961) Portuguese were the first to come and last to leave. Cartaz System: Captain of all India ships were obliged to buy passes from the Viceroy of Goa. In the absence of the pass, their ships could be ceased by the Portuguese. Portuguese introduced the cultivation of tobacco, potato, corn, ladies finger, sapota, papaya, orange, cashew and so on. In 1556 the first printing press was introduced in India by the Portuguese at Goa. 1. Vasco da Gama Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama first discovered the sea route to the Indian continent via the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa on May 1498. During this time the Calicut was ruled by Hindu ruler Zamorin. In 1502, he establ

Town Planning The Towns are generally divided into two parts: the upper part – or citadel – which was occupied by the ruling class and the lower part, occupied by the common inhabited. The dwellings are either made of mud brick or baked bricks. Grid System can be seen. Roads cut across one another almost right angles and the city was divided into many blocks- regular and square shapes. The underground drainage system can be seen in almost every big and small houses had its own courtyard and bathroom. Drains were covered with bricks and sometimes with stone slabs. Manholes also found on the streets. The underground drainage system was first introduced by the Harappans in the world. Political Life Although there was no clear evidence of the political system it is assumed that the society was ruled by the merchant classes. Trade They had a trade relationship with Egypt, Mesopotamia, Dilmun (Modern Bahrain), and Aryans. Cotton goods, agricultural products, pottery, terracotta figure, certa

Indus Valley Civilisation(IVC) was one of the oldest civilisation in the world. It was contemporary to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. This a Bronze Age urban civilisation was located in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. It was flourished on the back on river Indus.  Important Centres Of the Indus Valley Civilization Place/River/Location Important Feature / Findings Harappa / Ravi River/ Montgomery, Sahiwal Dist, Western Punjab, Pakistan 1. In 1921, Harappa was discovered by Dayaram Sahni. It was the first discovered the site of the Indus Valley Civilisation. 2. Great Granary – Two rows of six granaries. 3. Single room Barracks(labour quarter). 4. A male statue in a dancing pose (Nataraj Siva). 5. Direct trade relationship with Mesopotamia. 6. Other Findings – Wooden coffin, a painting showing two antelopes and a hunter, model of bullock cart, bronze mirror. Mohenjodaro / Indus River/ Larkana Dist